Time-sampled population sequencing reveals the interplay of selection and genetic drift in experimental evolution of Potato virus Y

[EN] RNA viruses are one of the fastest evolving biological entities. Within their hosts, they exist as genetically diverse populations (i.e., viral mutant swarms), which are sculpted by different evolutionary mechanisms, such as mutation, natural selection and genetic drift, and also the interactions between genetic variants within the mutant swarms. To elucidate the mechanisms that modulate the population diversity of an important plant pathogenic virus, we performed evolution experiments with Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato genotypes that differ in their defense response against the virus. Using deep sequencing of small RNAs, we followed the temporal dynamics of standing and newly-generated variation in the evolving viral lineages. A time-sampled approach allowed us to: (i) reconstruct theoretical haplotypes in the starting population by using clustering of single nucleotide polymorphisms' trajectories and (ii) use quantitative population genetics approaches to estimate the contribution of selection and genetic drift, and their interplay, to the evolution of the virus. We detected imprints of strong selective sweeps and narrow genetic bottlenecks, followed by the shift in frequency of selected haplotypes. Comparison of patterns of viral evolution in differently susceptible host genotypes indicated possible diversifying evolution of PVY in the less susceptible host (efficient in the accumulation of salicylicacid).This study was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (grants L4-5525 and P4-0165 and Ph.D. grant to D.K.). Work in Valencia was supported by Spain Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant BFU2015-65037-P to S.F.E.), and short-term scientific mission support was provided to D.K. in the frame of EU-funded COST action FA1407.Kutnjak, D.; Elena Fito, SF.; Ravnikar, M. (2017). Time-sampled population sequencing reveals the interplay of selection and genetic drift in experimental evolution of Potato virus Y. Journal of Virology. 91(16):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00690-17S1179116Andino, R., & Domingo, E. (2015). Viral quasispecies. Virology, 479-480, 46-51. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.022Ohshima, K., Nomiyama, R., Mitoma, S., Honda, Y., Yasaka, R., & Tomimura, K. (2016). Evolutionary rates and genetic diversities of mixed potyviruses in Narcissus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 45, 213-223. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.036Froissart, R., Roze, D., Uzest, M., Galibert, L., Blanc, S., & Michalakis, Y. (2005). 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Bimodal dynamics of primary metabolism-related responses in tolerant potato-Potato virus Y interaction. BMC Genomics, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1925-2Kogovšek, P., Pompe-Novak, M., Petek, M., Fragner, L., Weckwerth, W., & Gruden, K. (2016). Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Pathways Are Regulated in Potato as a Response to Potato virus Y Infection. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0146135. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146135Baebler, Š., Stare, K., Kovač, M., Blejec, A., Prezelj, N., Stare, T., … Gruden, K. (2011). Dynamics of Responses in Compatible Potato - Potato virus Y Interaction Are Modulated by Salicylic Acid. PLoS ONE, 6(12), e29009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029009Baebler, Š., Witek, K., Petek, M., Stare, K., Tušek-Žnidarič, M., Pompe-Novak, M., … Hennig, J. (2014). Salicylic acid is an indispensable component of the Ny-1 resistance-gene-mediated response against Potato virus Y infection in potato. 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Pengaruh Pemberian POC Urine Sapi terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Pinang Betara (Areca Catechu L.)

. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Desa Pulau Kopung Kecamatan Sentajo Raya Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi. Waktu yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 4 bulan yang dimulai bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2017. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian POC Urine sapi terhadap pertumbuhan bibit pinang (Areca catechu L.). Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah: Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non faktorial, dimana faktor S (Pupuk POC Urine Sapi yang terdiri dari 5 taraf perlakuan yaitu S0 Tanpa pemberian POC Urine Sapi (Kontrol), S1 Pemberian POC Urine Sapi 50 ml/ liter air, S2 Pemberian POC Urine Sapi 100 ml/liter air, S3 Pemberian POC Urine Sapi 150 ml/liter air, S4: Pemberian POC Urine Sapi 200 ml/liter air. Data-data dianalisis secara statistik, dengan uji lanjut beda nyata jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5%. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi bibit (cm), diameter batang (cm), dan jumlah daun (helai). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Perlakuan pemberian pupuk organik cair (POC) urin sapi berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter pengamatan jumlah daun bibit pinang dengan perlakuan terbaik S3 (Pemberian POC Urine Sapi 150 ml/liter air) dengan jumlah daun 6,67 helai

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, BUDAYA ORGANISASI, KOMPETENSI DAN RELIGIUSITAS TERHADAP KECURANGAN (FRAUD) APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA

Fraud is a case that often occurs in various organizations. The goal of this research was to look into and assess organizational characteristics such as leadership style and organizational culture, as well as human factors such as organizational dedication and religiosity, in order to protect the State Civil Apparatus against fraud (ASN).The population in this study is the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) of the Riau Province Government as many as 15,455. Purposive sampling was utilized, with the requirements for ASN being in a post and working for more than two years. Questionnaires were collected by sending questionnaires directly and some were sending questionnaires in the form of a google form. A total of 104 civil servants participated in this study and 100 questionnaires were processed. The results of multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS 27 show that organizational culture and competence have an effect on ASN fraud in the Riau Provincial Government. However, leadership style and religiosity have no effect on cheating. The results of this study have a contribution to the government in reducing the occurrence of fraud

Gums induced microstructure stability in Ca(II)-alginate beads containing lactase analyzed by SAXS

[EN] Previous works show that the addition of trehalose and gums in ß-galactosidase (lactase) Ca(II)-alginate encapsulation systems improved its intrinsic stability against freezing and dehydration processes in the pristine state. However, there is no available information on the evolution in microstructure due to the constraints imposed by the operational conditions. The aim of this research is to study the time course of microstructural changes of Ca(II)-alginate matrices driven by the presence of trehalose, arabic and guar gums as excipients and to discuss how these changes in¿uence the di¿usional transport (assessed by LF-NMR) and the enzymatic activity of the encapsulated lactase. The structural modi¿cations at di¿erent scales were assessed by SAXS. The incorporation of gums as second excipients induces a signi¿cant stabilization in the microstructure not only at the rod scale, but also in the characteristic size and density of alginate dimers (basic units of construction of rods) and the degree of interconnection of rods at a larger scale, improving the performance in terms of lactase activity.This work was supported by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS, Brazil, proposal SAXS1-20160278), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACyT 20020130100610BA), Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT PICT 2013 0434 and 2013 1331), CIN-CONICET (PDTS 2015 no 196), and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. The author Maria Victoria Traffano-Schiffo wants to thank "Programa para la Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI)" Pre-doctoral Program of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for support her PhD studies and also her mobility to Argentina.Traffano-Schiffo, MV.; Castro Giraldez, M.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Perullini, M.; Santagapita, PR. (2018). Gums induced microstructure stability in Ca(II)-alginate beads containing lactase analyzed by SAXS. Carbohydrate Polymers. 179:402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.096S40240717

Higher circulating Vitamin B12 is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers in individuals at high cardiovascular risk and in naturally aged mice

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that is involved in numerous physiological processes, and its deficiency can lead to various complications, including neurological and haematological disorders. Some studies have suggested that vitamin B12 may have anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not yet fully understood. We investigated the relationship between circulating vitamin B12 and inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The association of peripheral levels of vitamin B12 with IL-6 and CRP was assessed in 136 human samples from a high cardiovascular risk population. To corroborate the results from the human trial, the analysis was replicated in naturally aged mice.Individuals with higher serum levels of vitamin B12 showed lower concentrations of IL-6 and CRP after adjustment for potential confounders, and an inverse association was also found between serum IL-6 and vitamin B12 levels in naturally aged mice.That circulating vitamin B12 was inversely associated with IL-6 and CRP in humans and with IL-6 in mice suggests that it may exert an anti-inflammatory effect through modulation of these pro-inflammatory molecules. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Optical and mechanical properties of cocona chips as affected by the drying process

[EN] The effect of the application of a pre-osmotic treatment to obtain hot air dried cocona(Solanum sessiliofurum Dunal) chips was studied. The drying kinetics and the optical andmechanical properties of cocona chips obtained by the combined method of osmotic dehy-dration and hot air drying (OD + HAD) and by only hot air drying (HAD) were compared.Samples were dried by hot air at 60◦C. For the combined method, they were pre-dried toa moisture content of 75 gwater/100 g, immersed in a 55◦Brix sucrose solution at 25◦C for48 min. The pre-osmodehydration applied did not influence the subsequent hot air dryingkinetics, resulting in a final product with 0.055 ± 0.005 gwater/gcocona.The optical properties ofOD + HAD chips were more favorable, exhibiting a smaller color change with respect to thefresh fruit (±15 units) than the HAD samples (±23 units). On the other hand, the OD + HADchips presented more fracture peaks than HAD ones, this related with a structure with ahigher degree of crispness, a very desirable property for a chip product.The authors thank the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for the financial support given throughout the Project ADSIDEO-COOPERACION 2010 "Adaptacion de procesos de secado para favorecer la comercializacion de super frutas de origen colombiano".Agudelo Sterling, CM.; Igual Ramo, M.; Talens Oliag, P.; Martínez Navarrete, N. (2015). Optical and mechanical properties of cocona chips as affected by the drying process. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 95:192-199. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2015.05.009S1921999

Particle release fromrefit operations in shipyards: Exposure, toxicity and environmental implications

European harbours are known to contribute to air quality degradation.While most of the literature focuses on emissions from stacks or logistics operations, ship refit and repair activities are also relevant aerosol sources in EU harbour areas. Main activities include abrasive removal of filler and spray painting with antifouling coatings/primers/topcoats. This work aimed to assess ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions from ship maintenance activities and their links with exposure, toxicity and health risks for humans and the aquatic environment. Aerosol emissions were monitored during mechanical abrasion of surface coatings under real-world operating conditions in two scenarios in the Mallorca harbour (Spain). Different types of UFPs were observed: (1) highly regular (triangular, hexagonal) engineered nanoparticles (Ti-, Zr-, Fe-based), embedded as nano-additives in the coatings, and (2) irregular, incidental particles emitted directly or formed during abrasion. Particle number concentrationsmonitored were in the range of industrial activities such as drilling or welding (up to 5 ∗ 105/cm3, mean diameters <30 nm). The chemical composition of PM4 aerosols was dominated by metallic tracers in the coatings (Ti, Al, Ba, Zn). In vitro toxicity of PM2 aerosols evidenced reduced cell viability and a moderate potential for cytotoxic effects. While best practices (exhaust ventilation, personal protective equipment, dust removal) were in place, it is unlikely that exposures and environmental release can be fully avoided at all times. Thus, it is advisable that health and safety protocols should be comprehensive to minimise exposures in all types of locations (near- andfar-field) and periods (activity and non-activity). Potential release to coastal surface waters of metallic engineered and incidental nanomaterials, as well as fine and coarse particles (in the case of settled dust), should be assessed and avoided